Artificial intelligence and crowdsourced translation platform

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a translation platform making use of both machine translation and crowd sourced manual translation. Translation is performed on pages in an application. Manual translations are applied immediately to local versions of the client application and are either human reviewed or reverse machine translated and compared against the original text. Once verified, the translations are applied to all end-clients.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates to translation of text between languages. Thedisclosure more particularly relates to the combination of machinetranslation and crowdsourced human translation.

BACKGROUND

Applications are designed to be consumed by a global audience. To meetthat global audience, applications are designed to be translated intomultiple languages. Translating many lines of text is a tediousactivity. Machine translation presents an efficient method to translatelarge portions of text into many languages; however, machine translationis prone to generating numerous translation errors that cause anunprofessional look and feel to applications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustrative block diagram of an application translationnetwork.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are depictions of a graphic user interface control tochange an application language.

FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are depictions of a graphic user interface controlto correct errors in machine translation.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a two-tier translation.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating reverse translation verification.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating the display of text to guidecorrectors.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a composite machine translationtechnique.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computer operable to implement thedisclosed technology according to some embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein is a translation platform making use of both machinetranslation and crowd sourced manual translation. A set of text is firsttranslated using a machine translation process, then is subjected touser corrections. Translation is performed on resource files within inan application. The end-client application includes a graphic userinterface that enables the user to submit corrections to select portionsof text. Manual translations are applied immediately to local versionsof the client application and are either human reviewed or reversemachine translated and compared against the original text. Onceverified, the translations are applied to all end-clients.

FIG. 1 is an illustrative block diagram of an application translationnetwork 20. In some embodiments, an application translation network 20includes an application server 22 and a client device 26. The clientapplication 24 is executed on a client device 26. The client application24 further includes a graphic user interface 28. The client application24 and the application server 22 communicate with one another. Theapplication server 22 includes server software 30 that provides backendsupport for the client application 24.

The applications server 32 further includes language packages 32 tosupport multiple language displays of individual client applications 24.In some embodiments, the language packages 32 are stored with/part ofthe client application 24. The applications server further includes alexicon file 34. The machine translation service 36 may be a systemoperating on the application server 22, or is a service that the usersof the application server 22 do not have administrator access to.

The lexicon file 34 is an instructional file for a machine translationservice 36. The lexicon file 34 includes instructions to translateparticular words (especially industry specific or highly technicalterms) in a certain manner in various languages. The lexicon file 34 maybe a domain specific dictionary that includes idioms, or terms that donot literally translate well. For example, in drafting contracts, theEnglish language refers to routine or generic language as “boilerplate”.Boilerplate does not translate literally in many other languages. At thetime of this disclosure, Google Translate machine translates“boilerplate” into Spanish as “repetitivo” (“Repetitive” in English). Amore accurate translation of “boilerplate” into Spainish is “textoestandarizado.” The lexicon file 34 includes relevant industry/technicalterm translations that the machine translation service 36 can use tomore effectively translate.

In operation the application translation network 20 operates the clientapplication 24 on end user devices 26 and is supported by theapplication server 22 as a backend. The given application content andpurpose may vary, and at a minimum, includes translatable text. Forexample, the client application 24 may be a game, a social network,accounting software, business flow software/enterprise software, or evena combination thereof. The client software 24 includes a setting toadjust the language of text of pages (and by extension, resource filestherein) within the application 24. When a user toggles the languagesetting the client application accesses the relevant language pack 32(for the selected language). The language pack 32 is initially populatedby a machine translation of the original text of the application page.In some embodiments, the machine translation is influenced by thelexicon file 34.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are depictions of a graphic user interface 28 control tochange an application language. FIG. 2A displays an application page 38in a first language (English) and a language control interface 40. Thefigure displays the language being switched from the first language(English) to a second language (French). FIG. 2B displays the same pageafter the language has been shifted to the second language (French).

FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are depictions of a graphic user interface 28control to correct errors in machine translation. In some circumstances,machine translation is not accurate and appears unprofessional. Propersyntax, grammar, and word choice improve the quality of a softwareapplication. Accordingly, the graphic user interface 28 includes atranslation correction control 42. When activated, the user is able tocorrect the machine translation of some or all of the application page28.

FIG. 3A depicts a first portion of a translation control 42. In thefirst portion, a keyword field 44 enables the user to enter a phrase orkeywords that appear within the application page 28 (e.g., includedwithin resource files of the application). When the user executes on theinput in the keyword field 44, the translation correction control 42shifts to a second portion. In the second portion a list of resultsdisplays each instance of the keyword or phrase entered in the keywordfield 44. Using the list of results, the user selects the erroneouspassage 46 including the keyword or phrase. Displayed in the figures,the keyword selected is “Planificateur” (French for “planner”). Theerroneous passage 46 is “le planificateur voir dans.” Shown with theerroneous passage 46 is the original phrase pre-machine translation,“View in Planner”. The inclusion of the original text enables the readerto see the intent of the passage to determine whether the machinetranslated passage is correct.

In the given example, the original English phrase is not a completesentence and thus machine translation is often complicated. In someembodiments, the grammar of machine translation improves with additionaloriginal text. The completeness of a sentence or passage influences theaccuracy of some machine translation engines.

In FIG. 3C, a third portion of the translation correction controls 42 isshown. The third portion includes a correction field 48 where the useris enabled to enter a manual correction for the erroneous passage 46. Inthe figure's example, the correction reverses the arrangement of theverb and noun. Once executed, the local version of the clientapplication 24 is updated and the correction is displayed instead of theerroneous passage 46.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a two-tier translation. In step 402,the application server extracts resource files (including text) from apage of the application. Text may be extracted in segments or as a wholepage depending on how the page is structured. In some embodiments, wherea page includes a number of frames or labeled buttons/tabs the text isindividually extracted from each. The extraction of text may beperformed through the use of resource files. Resource files include thetext relevant to the page. For example, if a given page of anapplication is displaying a message from one use to another, or anemail, a resource file contains the text of that message or email. Whentext is extracted, the system keeps track of the text's mapped locationon each page in order to later replace corresponding text in the samelocation.

In step 404, the application server submits the extracted text to amachine translation service. There are a number of machine translationservices available. Many are freely accessible on the Internet. Examplesinclude services offered by Google and IBM Watson. The machinetranslator used may vary based on the text itself. Prior to submissionto the translator, the application server analyzes the extracted textsegment. Analysis may include word count and/or inclusion of termsincluded in the lexicon file. Some machine translators function betterthan others when the content of the text to be translated is longer. Theinclusion of additional context improves the ability of the AI used totranslate. Some machine translators function better than others when alexicon file can be effectively applied to the particular text segment.Thus, a machine translator is chosen based on the result of the analysisof the extracted passage of text. The machine translator used ispredetermined based on various potential outcomes of the analysis. Theanalysis may use thresholds and/or pattern matching to arrive at anoutcome.

In step 406, The application server receives the translated text fromthe machine translator. In step 408, The application server generates asecond version of the application page from which the extracted text wasfrom. The second version uses the machine translated text placed in thesame location as the corresponding text in the original language. Insome embodiments, the steps 402-406 are performed a number of timesprior to the performance of step 408 in order to machine translate eachstring of text on the first version of the application page. The secondversion of the page is navigated to within the client application in thesame manner as the first page. The primary distinction between the firstand second version of the page is the translated text. In someembodiments, the second version of the page includes the translation ofless than all text fields/resource files in a given page.

In step 410, a user of a client application submits corrections to themachine translated text of the second page to the application server.The submitted corrections may pertain to all or part of text or textsegments of the second page. The corrections are transmitted from theend-client application to the application server backend. Step 410 aoccurs simultaneously and out of band with the application server. Whenthe user supplied corrections through the user interface of the clientapplication, the client application immediately applies the correctionsto that particular user's client application.

In step 412, the application server determines whether the correctionsare valid. Determination of validity may be made via human inspection ormachine validation. Human inspection includes receipt by anadministrator of the application server. Machine validation may includea reverse translation process. Reverse translation includes machinetranslating the correction back into the original language (for example,from French back into English) and then conducting a comparison to theoriginal text. Machine validation may further use a confidence score forcorrections based on a number of criteria such as: the number ofidentical submissions for the same correction from differentparticipants, the number of accepted submissions from a participant, thestrength and nature of the relationship with the participant, and thereverse translation comparison already included in the draft.

Where the corrections are validated, in step 414, the application serverapplies the corrections across all instances of the second version ofthe application page (in the second language). In some embodiments,certain local versions of the client application will not update. Theoriginal submitter of the correction will not require an update becausethe user already updated their own local version (during step 410 a).Additionally, some users may deactivate updates in application settings.In this manner, the machine translations are updated by the user base ofthe client application.

In some embodiments, the users whom are able to submit corrections arelimited to those within a predetermined class of higher tier users. Someusers of the client application may have more permissions than otherusers. Permissions may pertain to the ability to correct language.

Deferring the quality control of translations onto the clientapplications is an improvement to the processing efficiency of thesystem. Client application translation correction relies on cloudcomputing principles in order to defray the computational cost oftranslations.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating reverse translation verification.Reverse translation verification is performed in step 414 of FIG. 4. Instep 502, text is first machine translated from a first language to asecond language. In step 504, the application server receives acorrection to the machine translated text in the second language. Instep 506, the application server submits the correction to a machinetranslator from the second language back to the first language.

In step 508, the application server compares the result of step 506 withthe original text from the first language. The comparison uses characterthresholds to determine a degree of accuracy between the reversetranslated text and the original text. In some embodiments the charactermatch threshold analyzes both the inclusion of characters and thepositioning of those characters. Analysis of positioning determined on aper word basis (e.g., the order of the words “and anaconda” as opposedto “anaconda and” rather than that location of the letter A throughouteach word). The strings should ideally match. In step 510, theapplication server determines whether the correction is valid based onthe comparison of the reverse translated correction to the originaltext. If the correction is valid based on the result of step 508, thenin step 512, the correction is applied across the application server.

Where the determination of step 510 is invalid, an additional layer ofcomparison is performed. In step 514, the application server determinesif there is a potential reverse translation issue present. In somecases, words don't translate directly.

For example, in English, the finger after the middle finger is referredto as the “ring finger” (as this is the finger a wedding ring istraditionally worn on). In Russian, that same finger is literally calledthe “unnamed finger.” When first translated, ring finger becomes theRussian word for unnamed finger (

). When reverse translated back into English, the result is “unnamedfinger.” The result will not pass a comparison test. Thus, the ringfinger example, as well as many others (there is also no word for “toe”in Russian), will cause a reverse translation issue. In order toevaluate whether a reverse translation issue exists, the applicationserver machine translates the original text to the second language andthen reverse machine translates (e.g., without any human correction).

If the result of the machine reverse translation does not match theoriginal, there is a reverse translation issue. Where there is noreverse translation issue, in step 516, the corrections are discarded atthe backend server level. In some embodiments, the corrections are alsoremoved from the submitting user's end-client application.

Where a reverse translation issue is detected, in step 518, theapplication server compares the result of the reverse translation of theoriginal and the reverse translation of the correction. The applicationserver assumes that there will be greater variation between the tworesults and between the comparison of step 508. The variation is aresult of the necessity of a correction in the first place. Thecorrection ostensibly occurred because the machine translation from theoriginal was incorrect. The comparison of step 518, performs both acharacter match threshold, and a thesaurus analysis. A thesaurusanalysis compares whether the result of the reverse translation of thecorrected text includes synonyms of the pure machine translation andreverse translation of the original text. Identification of synonymsincreases a match threshold score. With respect to the character matchthreshold comparison of step 518, the application server only comparesthe presence of the characters and not the positioning.

In step 520, the application server determines the validity of thecorrection based on the comparison of step 518. Where the correction isinvalid based on the step 518 analysis, in step 516, the correction isdiscarded.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating the display of text to guidecorrectors. In some cases, machine translation may be so bad that thereader is unable to discern what the original intent of the text was.However, often users are bilingual and use translated versions merelyout of preference. In such cases, displaying the original text in theoriginal language enables a user to better perform corrections of thetranslation. Thus, in step 602, a user selects a segment of translatedtext. The selection of text varies based on the character of the clientapplication. For example, selection of text may be performed with amouse selection and a secondary click that opens up an action menu. Inanother example, selection may include typing the relevant text into acorrection window. In still other embodiments, the bounds of a selectionmay be determined by contextual clues. For example, if a userclicks/taps/points at a word in a sentence, the client application mayselect the whole sentence (e.g., period to period). In step 602, theselected text is displayed in the original language. The display mayreplace the machine translated text with the original text entirely, ordisplay additional text that comprises the original adjacent to themachine translated text.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a composite machine translationtechnique. A composite machine translation is where multiple machinetranslations are used in order to arrive at a final machine translationresult. In FIG. 4, step 404 concerned the determination of a particularmachine translation service. The result of step 404 (and step 502 ofFIG. 5) may be to use multiple machine translation services. Thetechnique illustrated in FIG. 7 should not be construed as being limitedto steps 404 and 502 of FIGS. 4 and 5 respectively. In some embodiments,the technique of FIG. 7 is connected to a number of associated steps inother illustrated portions of the present disclosure.

In step 702, the application server extracts text from the applicationpage. In step 704 the application server submits the extracted text to afirst machine translation service. Concurrently, in step 706, theapplication server submits the same extracted text to other machinetranslation services (a second service, a third service, up to the Nthservice). Different machine translation services may have variedeffectiveness at varied segments of text. Within the same segment oftext different machine translation services may function at varyinglevels of accuracy.

In step 708, the application server determines a method to validate thevarious output of the N machine translations services. Based onapplication server settings and functionality, the machine translationoutput is validated by human input or a fully automated process.

Where the application server makes use of a fully automated process, instep 710, the application server compares the N machine translations.The comparison of the machine translations includes the use of a wordprocessor to determine the readability of the machine translated text.The word processor assigns a confidence score to each machinetranslation and each portion of the machine translation therein. Where amajority of the machine translations are in agreement the confidencescore is high. Where the word processor detects grammatical errors, theconfidence level is low. The word processor further uses naturallanguage processing to determine whether a word is out of place. Forexample, where an adjective appears when a noun is expected, confidencein the machine translation is lower.

In step 712, the various machine translations are reconciled into asingle, composite machine translation. Reconciliation of machinetranslations may use the entirety of a single machine translation orpick and choose portions of multiple machine translations to assemble asingle machine translation with the highest machine confidence. Duringthe reconciliation of the multiple machine translations, an additionalword processor analysis is performed on the composite translation inorder to prevent the introduction of new errors during compositing.Where the word processor detects new grammatical or contextual errors,the word processor implements a correction using natural languageprocessing.

Where the application server makes use of human validation, in step 714,the application server or end-client application displays multiplemachine translations to a user either individually or side-by-side. Theuser interface requests that the user select a preference. In someembodiments, the user preference may be stored and automatically appliedin the future. In step 716, the application server executes the user'spreference for a current passage of text. In some embodiments, theapplication server or the client application may apply the samepreference on other passages of text that are machine translated.

In step 718, regardless of how the composite machine translation isarrived upon, the system displays the machine translation of theapplication page to the user.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computer 800 operable to implement thedisclosed technology according to some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. The computer 800 may be a generic computer or specificallydesigned to carry out features of translation system 20. For example,the computer 800 may be a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer(SBC) system, a desktop or laptop computer, a kiosk, a mainframe, a meshof computer systems, a handheld mobile device, or combinations thereof.

The computer 800 may be a standalone device or part of a distributedsystem that spans multiple networks, locations, machines, orcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the computer 800 operates asa server computer or a client device in a client-server networkenvironment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer system. In someembodiments, the computer 800 may perform one or more steps of thedisclosed embodiments in real time, near real time, offline, by batchprocessing, or combinations thereof.

As shown in FIG. 8, the computer 800 includes a bus 802 that is operableto transfer data between hardware components. These components include acontrol 804 (e.g., processing system), a network interface 806, aninput/output (I/O) system 808, and a clock system 810. The computer 800may include other components that are not shown nor further discussedfor the sake of brevity. One who has ordinary skill in the art willunderstand elements of hardware and software that are included but notshown in FIG. 7.

The control 704 includes one or more processors 812 (e.g., centralprocessing units (CPUs)), application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs), and/or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and memory 814(which may include software 816). For example, the memory 814 mayinclude volatile memory, such as random-access memory (RAM), and/ornon-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM). The memory 714 canbe local, remote, or distributed.

A software program (e.g., software 816), when referred to as“implemented in a computer-readable storage medium,” includescomputer-readable instructions stored in the memory (e.g., memory 814).A processor (e.g., processor 812) is “configured to execute a softwareprogram” when at least one value associated with the software program isstored in a register that is readable by the processor. In someembodiments, routines executed to implement the disclosed embodimentsmay be implemented as part of an operating system (OS) software (e.g.,Microsoft Windows® and Linux®) or a specific software application,component, program, object, module, or sequence of instructions referredto as “computer programs.”

As such, the computer programs typically comprise one or moreinstructions set at various times in various memory devices of acomputer (e.g., computer 800), which, when read and executed by at leastone processor (e.g., processor 812), will cause the computer to performoperations to execute features involving the various aspects of thedisclosed embodiments. In some embodiments, a carrier containing theaforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is oneof an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium (e.g., memory 814).

The network interface 806 may include a modem or other interfaces (notshown) for coupling the computer 800 to other computers over the network20. The I/O system 808 may operate to control various I/O devices,including peripheral devices, such as a display system 818 (e.g., amonitor or touch-sensitive display) and one or more input devices 720(e.g., a keyboard and/or pointing device). Other I/O devices 722 mayinclude, for example, a disk drive, printer, scanner, or the like.Lastly, the clock system 720 controls a timer for use by the disclosedembodiments.

Operation of a memory device (e.g., memory 824), such as a change instate from a binary one (1) to a binary zero (0) (or vice versa) maycomprise a visually perceptible physical change or transformation. Thetransformation may comprise a physical transformation of an article to adifferent state or thing. For example, a change in state may involveaccumulation and storage of charge or a release of stored charge.Likewise, a change of state may comprise a physical change ortransformation in magnetic orientation or a physical change ortransformation in molecular structure, such as a change from crystallineto amorphous or vice versa.

Aspects of the disclosed embodiments may be described in terms ofalgorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bitsstored in memory. These algorithmic descriptions and symbolicrepresentations generally include a sequence of operations leading to adesired result. The operations require physical manipulations ofphysical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantitiestake the form of electric or magnetic signals that are capable of beingstored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated.Customarily, and for convenience, these signals are referred to as bits,values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.These and similar terms are associated with physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities.

While embodiments have been described in the context of fullyfunctioning computers, those skilled in the art will appreciate that thevarious embodiments are capable of being distributed as a programproduct in a variety of forms and that the disclosure applies equally,regardless of the particular type of machine or computer-readable mediaused to actually effect the embodiments.

While the disclosure has been described in terms of several embodiments,those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is notlimited to the embodiments described herein and can be practiced withmodifications and alterations within the spirit and scope of theinvention. Those skilled in the art will also recognize improvements tothe embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements areconsidered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein. Thus, thedescription is to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments ofthe invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration,but that various modifications may be made without deviating from thescope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited exceptas by the appended claims.

1. A method comprising: extracting a passage of text in a first languagefrom a first page; submitting the passage of text to a machinetranslation engine configured to generate a machine translated text in asecond language based on the passage of text; receiving the machinetranslated text in the second language; generating a second languagepage matching the first page wherein the passage of text is replaced bythe machine translated text; receiving, by an administrator server, userinput including corrections to at least a portion of the machinetranslated text; and in response to administrator authorization,updating, by an administrator server, the machine translated text on thesecond language page based on the corrections.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein said submitting the passage of text further comprises: parsingthe passage of text for length and inclusion of words from apredetermined list; and determining the machine translation engine touse for the passage of text from a plurality of machine translationengines based on the length of the passage of text and the inclusion ofwords from a predetermined list.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: submitting a lexicon file to the machine translation engineconfigured to affect generation of the machine translated text wherein apredetermined set of words contained within the passage of text aremachine translated to corresponding terms indicated by the lexicon file.4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving user input onthe second language page that identifies a specific segment of themachine translated text; and reverting the specific segment of themachine translated text on the second language page to a correspondingsegment from the passage of text in the first language.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the second page is navigated to in the clientapplication through a same manner as the first page while a languagesetting is set to the second language.
 6. A method comprising:submitting a passage of text, in a first language, extracted from afirst page of a client application to a machine translation engine, themachine translation engine configured to return a machine translatedtext in a second language based on the passage of text; generating asecond page in the client application matching the first page whereinthe passage of text is replaced by the machine translated text returnedfrom the machine translation engine; correcting, by the clientapplication, the machine translated text in a local version of thesecond page based on user input entered into a user interface of thesecond page of the client application; and transmitting, by the clientapplication, the user input to a backend server associated with theclient application.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second page isnavigated to in the client application through a same manner as thefirst page while a language setting is set to the second language. 8.The method of claim 6, wherein the local version of the second page is:stored locally on a client device; or stored on the backend server andassociated with a specific user account.
 9. The method of claim 6,further comprising: submitting, by the backend server, the user input,to the machine translation engine configured to translate from thesecond language to the first language and return a reverse translatedtext; and in response to satisfaction of a character match thresholdbetween the reverse translated text and the passage of text, updatingthe machine translated text in a system wide version of the second pagebased on the user input.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the systemwide version of the second page does not include any of: the localversion; or other local versions of client applications that haveautomatic updates disabled.
 11. The method of claim 6, wherein saidsubmitting the passage of text further comprises: parsing the passage oftext for length and inclusion of words from a predetermined list; anddetermining the machine translation engine to use for the passage oftext from a plurality of machine translation engines based on the lengthof the passage of text and the inclusion of words from a predeterminedlist.
 12. The method of claim 6, further comprising: submitting alexicon file to the machine translation engine configured to affectgeneration of the machine translated text wherein a predetermined set ofwords contained within the passage of text are machine translated tocorresponding terms indicated by the lexicon file.
 13. The method ofclaim 6, further comprising: receiving a user selection on the secondpage that identifies a specific segment of the machine translated text;and reverting display of the specific segment of the machine translatedtext in the second language on the second page to a correspondingsegment from the passage of text in the first language.
 14. The methodof claim 6, wherein the machine translated text is a compositetranslation of, wherein the composite translation is based on combinedportions of output of multiple machine translation engines.
 15. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the machine translated text is a selectedfrom output of a number of machine translators by user preference.
 16. Asystem comprising: a processor operated application server configured tosubmit a passage of text, in a first language, extracted from a firstpage of a client application to a machine translation engine, themachine translation engine configured to return a machine translatedtext in a second language based on the passage of text, the applicationserver further configured to generate a second page in the clientapplication matching the first page wherein the passage of text isreplaced by the machine translated text returned from the machinetranslation engine; and a processor operated user interface for a localversion of the client application configured to correct the machinetranslated text in a local version of the second page based on userinput entered into the user interface for the local version of theclient application of the second page and transmit the user input to theapplication server.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the userinterface for the local version of the client application navigates tosecond page through a same manner as the first page while a languagesetting is set to the second language.
 18. The system of claim 16,wherein the local version of the second page is: stored locally on aclient device; or stored on the application server and associated with aspecific user account.
 19. The system of claim 16, wherein theapplication server is further configured to submit the user input to themachine translation engine, wherein the machine translation engine isconfigured to translate from the second language to the first languageand return a reverse translated text; and wherein the application serveris configured to update the machine translated text in a system wideversion of the second page based on the user input, the update inresponse to satisfaction of a character match threshold between thereverse translated text and the passage of text.
 20. The system of claim19, wherein the system wide version of the second page does not includeany of: the local version; or other local versions of clientapplications that have automatic updates disabled.
 21. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the application server is further configured to parsethe passage of text for length and inclusion of words from apredetermined list and determine the machine translation engine to usefor the passage of text from a plurality of machine translation enginesbased on the length of the passage of text and the inclusion of wordsfrom a predetermined list.
 22. The system of claim 16, wherein theapplication server further submits a lexicon file to the machinetranslation engine configured to affect generation of the machinetranslated text wherein a predetermined set of words contained withinthe passage of text are machine translated to corresponding termsindicated by the lexicon file.
 23. The system of claim 16, wherein theuser interface for the local version of the client application isconfigured to revert display of a specific segment of the machinetranslated text in the second language on the second page to acorresponding segment from the passage of text in the first languagebased upon receiving a user selection that identifies the specificsegment of the machine translated text.